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BAC (Romania)
Bacalaureat (Romanian Baccalaureate)
📝 Upper Secondary / University Admission In-person, combining pass/fail competence assessments with four separately graded written papers (Module E) that alone determine the admission-relevant average. ⏱ Valid: A Bacalaureat diploma does not expire. Since 1867 (first sitting, in Bucharest and Iași, following the 1864 educational reforms under Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza that modeled Romania's exam directly on the French baccalauréat) ⚡ The competence assessments are widely regarded as a formality most students clear easily, while the real difficulty concentrates entirely in Module E's four written papers, since only those determine the…
🕐 Last updated: September 7, 2026
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Quick Summary

Romania's Bacalaureat, modeled directly on France's baccalauréat during 1864 reforms and first sat in 1867, is the country's secondary-leaving exam and sole gateway into Romanian universities, functioning as both leaving certificate and entrance exam in one. Its defining structural feature is the split between competence assessments — oral language exams and a digital-skills test, graded only pass/fail or on a CEFR band — and a separate four-paper Module E, whose 0-10 scores alone combine into the average universities actually use for admission. A student needs both an overall average of at least 6.00 and a separate minimum of 5.00 on every individual Module E paper, meaning one weak subject can undo an otherwise strong result even though the competence assessments contribute nothing to the number itself. Because there's no separate national university entrance exam layered on top, a student's Module E average carries the full weight that a combined leaving-certificate-plus-entrance-exam score would in other systems, making it a genuinely higher-stakes single figure than in countries where admission blends several separate inputs.

📋 Exam Overview
🎯
Score Range
0 to 10 per Module E written paper, combining into an overall average; competence assessments are graded separately on a pass/fail or CEFR band scale rather than the 0-10 numeric range.
💳
Fee
lei 0 — no fee for students enrolled in Romanian public liceu education.
📅
Valid For
A Bacalaureat diploma does not expire.
🖥
Mode
In-person, combining pass/fail competence assessments with four separately graded written papers (Module E) that alone determine the admission-relevant average.
🗓
Frequency
The main summer session runs annually, with an autumn resit session available for students who fail or want to improve their average
🏛
Conducted By
Ministerul Educației (Romanian Ministry of Education), through county school inspectorates
⚡
Difficulty
The competence assessments are widely regarded as a formality most students clear easily, while the real difficulty concentrates entirely in Module E's four written papers, since only those determine the admission-relevant average.
🌍 Accepted By
The standard qualification for admission to Romanian public universities, with Module E's written average used directly by most programs rather than a separate university-specific entrance exam.
Romania's leaving exam, split between pass/fail competence assessments that don't count for admission and a separate written module that alone decides university placement
👤 Who Should Take This Exam?
A student finishing Romanian secondary education (liceu) sits the Bacalaureat to earn the diploma required for university admission, since Romania has no separate national university entrance exam layered on top of it. The exam splits into two genuinely different halves: a set of competence assessments (digital skills, and oral exams in the student's native and foreign languages) graded only as pass/fail or on a CEFR-style band rather than counting toward any score, and a separate written module — Module E — whose four papers alone produce the numeric average universities actually use for admission. Because only Module E carries competitive weight, a student's real preparation priority is narrower than the exam's full structure might suggest at first glance.
🎓 Education Level
Upper Secondary / University Admission
🌍 Accepted In
Romania and recognized in other European countries for secondary-credential equivalency purposes.
📝 Exam Structure & Format
Question Types
Extended written essay and structured problem-response questions for the Module E papers; oral examination for the language competence assessments; practical tasks for the digital-skills competence assessment.
Language / Medium
Romanian, with a separate oral competence exam in the student's native language where that differs from Romanian, and in a chosen foreign language.
Total Duration
Each of the four Module E written papers runs three hours; the competence assessments are shorter and scheduled on separate days beforehand.
Sections
Competence assessments (native-language oral, foreign-language oral graded on the CEFR A1-B2 scale, digital skills) plus four written Module E papers: Romanian, native language if applicable, a compulsory profile subject, and a chosen profile subject.
⚙️ More format details (timing, marking, equipment)See all ▾
Time Per Section
Each Module E written paper runs three hours; competence assessments run considerably shorter and don't carry a fixed universal duration across all subjects.
Negative Marking
No
Calculator Allowed
Quantitative Module E subjects allow a basic calculator, per the Ministry's stated exam-day policy for that specific subject.
Scratch Paper
Extra working paper is issued on request for the three-hour Module E papers.
Breaks Allowed
Competence assessments and Module E papers are scheduled on separate days across the exam period, so breaks fall between sessions rather than within any single three-hour paper.
Home Edition
No — every component takes place in person at the student's own liceu or a designated centre.
📑 Section Details
The competence assessments — native-language oral, foreign-language oral, and digital skills — are graded only on a Beginner-to-Experienced or CEFR band scale and don't feed into any numeric average, functioning more as a mandatory record of a skill level than a competitive input. Module E's four written papers, by contrast, each produce a real numeric score, and it's specifically these four — not the competence assessments — that combine into the average Romanian universities use for admission.
🎯 Scoring System
Score Range
0 to 10 per Module E written paper, combining into an overall average; competence assessments are graded separately on a pass/fail or CEFR band scale rather than the 0-10 numeric range.
Good / Passing Score
An overall average of at least 6.00 out of 10 across the four Module E papers is required to pass, with each individual paper also needing at least 5.00 regardless of the overall average.
How Scoring Works
Each of the four Module E papers is scored 0 to 10, and these combine into the overall Bacalaureat average that Romanian universities actually reference for admission — the competence assessments sit entirely outside this calculation, since they're graded pass/fail or on a CEFR band instead. A minimum of 5.00 is required both on the overall average and on each individual Module E paper, so one very weak paper can sink an otherwise strong average.
🏆 Minimum Scores for Top Universities
Competitive Romanian university programs, particularly Medicine at the country's top faculties, have required Bacalaureat averages well above 9.00 out of 10 in recent admission cycles. Because the minimum passing average is only 6.00, the practical gap between merely passing and being competitive for a sought-after program is considerable.
📊 Section / sub-scoresSee all ▾
Writing
Assessed through the Romanian language and literature Module E paper and the other written Module E papers, each producing its own 0-10 score.
Speaking
Assessed through the native-language and foreign-language competence assessments, graded pass/fail or on a CEFR band rather than the 0-10 scale used for Module E.
Listening
Assessed within the foreign-language competence assessment as part of its CEFR-banded evaluation.
Reading
Assessed within the foreign-language competence assessment as part of its CEFR-banded evaluation.
Grammar
Assessed within the foreign-language competence assessment, contributing to its overall CEFR band rather than reported as a standalone figure.
Quantitative
Assessed through the compulsory or chosen profile-subject Module E papers for students in Mathematics-Informatics or Science-oriented tracks.
Subject
Each of the four Module E papers produces its own independent 0-10 score, weighted equally into the overall admission-relevant average.
All Sub-Scores
Each Module E paper's score out of 10 is recorded individually on the final diploma, with the competence assessments' pass/fail or CEFR-band results shown separately and excluded from the numeric average.
🔼 Score Improvement
The Ministry does not publish a standardized nationwide retake-improvement figure across all students and subjects.
💳 Registration & Fees
Fee (USD)
lei 0 — no fee for students enrolled in Romanian public liceu education.
Fee (INR)
₹0 — the exam carries no fee for enrolled students; a graduate resitting after their original year faces a separate registration fee set by the Ministry.
Other
A graduate resitting Module E papers in a later session, rather than during their original graduation year, pays a separate registration fee per paper.
📝 Register Now →
📋 Policies (rescheduling, cancellation, verification, waivers)See all ▾
⏰ Register in Advance
Registration happens automatically through a student's liceu in their final year, with profile-subject choices for Module E locked in ahead of the summer exam session.
🔄 Rescheduling Policy
The Ministry fixes exam dates nationally, with no individual rescheduling; a documented medical emergency instead triggers a separate makeup-session process coordinated through the county inspectorate.
🔍 Score Verification
A formal re-grading request (contestație) lets a student have a specific Module E paper re-marked by a different examiner within a set post-results window.
📋 Score Audit
Runs through the same contestație re-grading process used to formally dispute a specific paper's score.
↩ Reinstatement Policy
No
📅 Exam Dates & Schedule
📆 Available Months
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
🔁 Frequency
The main summer session runs annually, with an autumn resit session available for students who fail or want to improve their average
📊 Results Declared
A couple of weeks after each session's written papers conclude, results are typically published ahead of university admission deadlines.
🔄 Retake Policy
A student who fails, or wants to improve their overall average, can resit specific Module E papers in the autumn session or a future year without needing to redo the competence assessments already completed.
⏰ Register By
Registration happens automatically through a student's liceu in their final year, with profile-subject choices for Module E locked in ahead of the summer exam session.
✅ Eligibility & Access
🎂 Age Limit
Romania places no ceiling on age — an adult who didn't sit the Bacalaureat as a teenager can still register in a later year, though the typical candidate is 18-19.
🎓 Education Required
Completion of Romanian secondary education (liceu) in the student's chosen profile is required to sit the Bacalaureat.
🛂 Citizenship
Completing the relevant Romanian liceu curriculum is what qualifies a candidate, independent of nationality.
More on accommodations, ID, and special versionsSee all ▾
🪪 ID Required
Every written paper and competence assessment requires a government or school-issued ID.
♿ Accessibility
The county inspectorate and a student's liceu jointly arrange accommodations (extended time, adapted materials) for a documented disability.
🔀 Special Versions
A separate vocational/technical liceu track exists alongside the general-studies route, with its own profile-subject Module E options tailored to that track's occupational specialization.
📐 Subject Variants
A student's chosen liceu profile (Sciences, Humanities, or a technical/vocational specialization) fixes which compulsory and optional profile subjects appear in their Module E papers.
🤝 Disability Accommodations
County inspectorates coordinate extended time or an adapted format for a documented disability directly with the student's liceu.
🗓 Exam Day Guide
✅ What to Bring
Government or school ID, standard stationery, and a calculator only for the specific quantitative Module E papers that require one.
🚫 Prohibited Items
Electronic devices of any kind, unauthorized notes, and anything a specific Module E paper's own instructions don't explicitly permit.
📋 Exam Day Rules
Ministry guidelines govern identification checks and material restrictions uniformly, enforced consistently across county exam centres nationwide.
After the exam: score reporting and deliverySee all ▾
⏱ Score Reporting
Typically within a couple of weeks of each session's written papers concluding.
📤 Score Sending
The Bacalaureat diploma and its Module E average, rather than a separately transmitted score report, are submitted by the student directly as part of university applications.
🎓 Score Recipients
The finalized diploma goes to the student and their liceu first, and the student then submits it directly to whichever Romanian university or program they apply to.
📚 Preparation Guide
🗓 Avg Prep Months
10 months
Because only Module E's four written papers feed into the admission-relevant average, effective preparation concentrates there rather than spreading equal effort across the pass/fail competence assessments, which just need to be cleared rather than maximized. Since each individual Module E paper carries its own 5.00 minimum regardless of the overall average, no single paper can be safely neglected even if a student's other three are strong.
💡 Top Tips & Tricks
Since only Module E's numeric scores matter for admission, treating the competence assessments as a box to clear rather than a competitive input frees up real preparation time for the four papers that actually decide a student's average. Because each Module E paper needs its own 5.00 minimum, double-checking a weaker profile subject specifically — rather than assuming overall strength will carry it — protects against a single low score derailing an otherwise strong result.
Full study plan, resources, and common mistakesSee all ▾
📅 Study Plan
Because competence assessments are graded pass/fail or on a CEFR band rather than counting toward the numeric average, a study plan can treat them as a lower-priority formality and concentrate real revision time on the four Module E papers that actually determine university admission. Given the separate 5.00 minimum on each individual Module E paper, a plan that shores up a weaker profile subject specifically — rather than assuming a strong Romanian-language score will compensate — protects against a single-paper shortfall undoing the overall average.
📖 Recommended Books
Ministry-approved liceu textbooks for each profile subject form the primary base, supplemented by widely used Romanian revision guide series and past Module E papers from publishers like Editura Paralela 45.
🏫 Popular Prep Courses
Meditații (private tutoring), particularly for Mathematics and Romanian-language Module E papers, are widely used across Romania alongside liceu-run revision sessions.
📱 Popular Prep Apps
Romanian-market platforms offering Module E-aligned practice questions are commonly used alongside school-provided revision materials.
✅ Official Practice Tests
The Ministry's subiecte.edu.ro portal provides official past Module E papers with marking schemes for every profile subject. — Free — the Ministry's official past papers carry no cost.
🆓 Free Online Resources
The Ministry publishes official past Module E papers with marking schemes through its subiecte.edu.ro portal, freely available to any student.
⚠️ Common Mistakes to Avoid
Investing disproportionate preparation time in the competence assessments, which don't feed into the numeric average at all, is a common misallocation given how the exam's full structure can look deceptively balanced at first glance. Assuming a strong Romanian-language score can offset a weak profile-subject paper is another frequent miscalculation, since each Module E paper carries its own separate 5.00 minimum that a strong showing elsewhere can't override.
💡 EduAtlasHub Exclusive Insights
🔍 Insider Tips
Focus on the structure of Subiectul III in the Romanian exam as it carries the most weight. In Mathematics, ensure all intermediate steps are written down as partial points are awarded even for incomplete solutions.
⭐ Unique Features
Splitting the exam into competence assessments that don't count toward any score and a separate four-paper Module E that alone produces the admission-relevant average is a structural design not widely shared by other Baccalauréat-family exams, most of which fold every component into one combined result. Requiring both an overall 6.00 minimum and a separate 5.00 minimum on every individual Module E paper also creates a stricter floor under each subject than a simple averaged-total system would.
🎓 How This Score Impacts Your Application
A student's Module E average is what Romanian universities directly reference for admission, making it functionally equivalent to a combined entrance exam and leaving certificate in one figure — unlike systems that layer a separate university entrance test on top. Because the competence assessments carry no weight in that average, their practical impact on a student's actual university prospects is essentially limited to the pass/fail requirement itself.
More insights: country notes, comparisons, myths, examiner tipsSee all ▾
🌍 Country-Specific Notes
The Bacalaureat is specific to Romania's education system, directly modeled on France's baccalauréat during the 1864 Cuza-era reforms, though its split between non-competitive competence assessments and a separately scored Module E has since diverged meaningfully from the French original.
⚖️ Comparison with Alternatives
Unlike France's Baccalauréat, which blends continuous coursework assessment into the final result, Romania's Bacalaureat determines its admission-relevant average entirely from the four Module E written papers, with no schoolwork component factored in. Against Bulgaria's DZI, which requires only one compulsory subject plus a student's choice, Romania's four-paper Module E structure — split between Romanian, an optional native language, and two profile subjects — asks considerably more of every candidate regardless of specialization.
🆕 Recent Changes
Romania has continued adjusting specific Module E subject curricula and competence-assessment CEFR benchmarks in recent cycles without altering the fundamental competence-versus-Module-E split.
🔜 Upcoming Changes
No major structural changes to the competence-assessment/Module-E split or the 0-10 scoring scale have been announced for upcoming cycles beyond routine annual curriculum updates.
🧐 Myths vs Facts
Assuming every component of the Bacalaureat counts toward a student's final average is a natural but incorrect expectation, since the competence assessments are graded pass/fail or on a CEFR band and sit entirely outside the numeric average Module E produces. It's also easy to assume a strong overall average guarantees passing — but because each Module E paper separately needs at least 5.00, one weak paper can fail a student even with a 6.00-plus overall average.
📋 Post-Exam Steps
Once Module E results are confirmed, a student targeting a competitive program like Medicine should check that faculty's specific recent admission-average cutoffs before finalizing their university application, since Romania has no separate entrance exam layered on top of the Bacalaureat average. A student narrowly missing their target average should consider the autumn resit session for a specific weak paper rather than assuming the original result is final.
🎯 Score Uses Beyond Admission
Romanian employers broadly treat the Bacalaureat diploma as the standard secondary-education credential outside university admission too, and its recognition in other European countries can support secondary-credential equivalency processes for Romanian graduates working or studying abroad.
❓ Frequently Asked Questions
How long is the BAC (Romania) score valid?+
The BAC (Romania) score is valid for A Bacalaureat diploma does not expire..
How much does the BAC (Romania) cost?+
lei 0 — no fee for students enrolled in Romanian public liceu education.
How often can I retake the BAC (Romania)?+
A student who fails, or wants to improve their overall average, can resit specific Module E papers in the autumn session or a future year without needing to redo the competence assessments already completed.
When are BAC (Romania) results declared?+
A couple of weeks after each session's written papers conclude, results are typically published ahead of university admission deadlines.
Which universities accept the BAC (Romania)?+
The standard qualification for admission to Romanian public universities, with Module E's written average used directly by most programs rather than a separate university-specific entrance exam.
Is a calculator allowed in the BAC (Romania)?+
Quantitative Module E subjects allow a basic calculator, per the Ministry's stated exam-day policy for that specific subject.
How should I prepare for the BAC (Romania)?+
Because only Module E's four written papers feed into the admission-relevant average, effective preparation concentrates there rather than spreading equal effort across the pass/fail competence assessments, which just…
📝
Register for BAC (Romania)
Romania's leaving exam, split between pass/fail competence assessments that don't count for admission and a separate written module that alone decides university placement
Register Now →
📊 Quick Facts
Official Site →
Conducted ByMinisterul Educației (Romanian Ministry of Education), through county school inspectorates
Year Started1867 (first sitting, in Bucharest and Iași, following the 1864 educational reforms under Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza that modeled Romania's exam directly on the French baccalauréat)
CategoryUpper Secondary / University Admission
Emailhttps://www.edu.ro/contact
Last UpdatedSeptember 7, 2026
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